Retour, comme convenu, sur le VoCampIbiza2009, événement informel à mi-chemin entre travail collaboratif et prise de contact IRL.
Sous l'égide de Peter Mika, chercheur chez Yahoo! Research Barcelona et spécialiste des Webs (dit) 2.0 et Sémantiques (notamment auteur d'un article intitulé Ontologies Are Us, remarqué), ce VoCamp, sponsorisé par Yahoo!, s'étalait sur deux jours. Contrairement aux précédentes éditions, il aura vu la balance entre réflexion et action balancer largement du côté de la réflexion, du fait, sans doute, de la personnalité de ses participants.
Au menu des discussions, SearchMonkey, applications phare de Yahoo! (il en était question à la Cantine il y a un an et le 29 avril dernier), unique en son genre pour ce qui concerne les grands moteurs, programmée pour extraire du RDF des pages Web. Seulement, comment les parser quand le balisage est disons... de qualité inégale. Si le Web sémantique est aussi un Web de données (Web of data), il faudra s'attendre à voir pulluler les encodages de qualités diverses voire simplement douteuses. Toutes les pages HTML sont-elles conformes au standard du W3C ? Cela se saurait. Faudra-t-il en définitie mesurer le succès populaire à l'aune du développement de pratiques plus relâchées et moins professionnelles ? En fin de compte, les développeurs font face à des problématiques qui rappellent furieusement les discussions autour de l'interprétation des standards HTML par les navigateurs. Du Web de documents au Web sémantique, les évolutions n'offusquent pas les continuités inattendues.
Vint ensuite une
discussion sur la place du tagging sémantique1. Alors qu'une
initiative
récente, à laquelle participe Alexandre Passant, le spécialiste
français en la matière, vient de voir le jour, et qu'à chaque
instant de nouveaux services viennent ajouter un peu de structure au
tagging en tirant partie des possibilités ouvertes par les
technologies du Web sémantique, se pose toujours la question de la
plus-value qu'en retirent les utilisateurs. Tant que le semantic
tagging offrira moins de possibilités que le tagging
tout court (quant au choix des libellés, à la latitude laissée aux
utilisateurs, etc.) il y aura lieu de douter de sa pertinence. Ce
constat, partagé par tous, témoigne d'un souci motivé par la
recherche d'applications sachant faire la preuve de leur utilité.
Comme le remarquait Peter Mika, publier ses données sur le Web est
une bonne chose mais cela ne créera pas, ipso facto, des
applications indispensables. En guise d'exemple de "killer app" nous mentionnâmes Nico Nico Douga, le site de partage et de création de vidéos en
ligne, site japonais (il convient de le noter, le Japon ayant en
partie échappé à la déferlante Web 2.0) dont l'originalité se
mesure aux modifications drastiques qu'il a su apporter au tagging. Liberté de jouer avec
les interfaces ouvrant sur une conception inventive et élargie du
tagging, prise en compte des utilisateurs... une feuille de route
pour le tagging sémantique ?
Nous eûmes droit, dans la continuité des ces débats, à des présentations de Freebase, grâce à Jamie Taylor, et RDFmonkey par Davide Eynard. Nous y reviendrons à l'occasion de futurs billets.
Cela fait beaucoup de monkeys me direz-vous ? Il faut tout simplement y lire un hommage implicite (confirmé Peter Mika en off) à l'excellent Greasemonkey, add-on pour Firefox susceptible de modifier n'importe quelle page visitée sur le Web.
Venu de Hambourg en Allemagne, Thomas Lörtsch nous a pour sa part entretenu de sa tentative en cours de convertir des microformats en RDF (http://vocamp.org/wiki/AMicroformat). Quant à Paola Di Maio, elle présenta une application en ligne, FOAFX, inspiré de FOAF, l'ontologie légère des profils sur le Web, destinée à prendre en compte le degré d'expertise des personnes (avec toute les subtilités que cela suppose).
Tout ceci est bel et bon me direz-vous mais après la discussion, la boisson l'action.
Le principe de tout Vocamp est de contribuer à produire des ontologies. Ou plutôt, des vocabulaires. Pas question de confondre un VoCamp avec un OntoCamp. La question ici n'est pas de savoir si le mot ontologie, avec ses connotations philosophiques, est approprié. L'enjeu pratique prime. Surtout lorsqu'on ne dispose que de deux jours. Inutile donc de s'attarder sur ces débats... complexes et litigieux. Les mêmes causes appelant les mêmes conséquences, les vocabulaires élaborés dans ce cadre ont nécessairement une portée limitée. Indéniablement, les ontologies dites « légères » sont ici les plus prisées. Après délibération, notre choix s'arrêta donc sur l'ontologie des heures d'ouverture d'un magasin et sur l'ontologie du document – ou plutôt, car le sujet est vaste, des sections des articles de Wikipedia , le moteur de Yahoo! les affichant désormais parmi les résultats d'une recherche (deux choix plutôt sérieux si l'on se souvient que le VoCamp d'Oxford avait débouché - entre autres choses - sur une ontologie du whiskey, la Whisky ontology, demeurée dans les mémoires). Tom Heath de Talis, à l'origine du site Revyu.com, et Peter Mika, animèrent respectivement ces deux groupes de travail.
Il n'est pas si facile que cela de modéliser des horaires d'ouverture et de fermetures Faut-il modéliser l'un ou l'autre ? Et lequel ? L'un et l'autre ? Surgit alors une difficulté dirimante à laquelle nul n'échappera : assurer une parfaite cohérence au plan logique entre les deux volets de la modélisation sous peine d'aboutir à des contradictions acculant le système à la faute. Ontologie des événements récurrents contre ontologie de la disponibilité, topologie et intervalles difficiles à encoder sous OWL... un simple vocabulaire recèle parfois des chausse-trappes inattendues.
Au final, le résultat dûment formalisé par les soins de Tom Heath est malgré tout disponible à l'adresse suivante : http://tomheath.com/tmp/availability.ttl
Pour ce qui est de la méthode, que les partisans des approches formelles (et non seulement formalisées) interrompent leur lecture immédiatement. Au programme, brainstorming dans un premier temps (pas d'ontologie ou de sémantique formelle !), avant de passer au dessin sur papier d'un graphe pensé pour épouser les potentialités – et les limites – de RDF : les bonnes vielles méthodes conservent une bonne part de leur séduction.
Quant à l'ontologie du document, ou plus exactement, d'une section d'un document, je proposai pour ma part de nous inspirer de la TEI pour l'encoder. Malheureusement, RDFa n'est pas aussi souple que le meilleur standard XML prévu à cet effet et nous dûmes nous tourner vers HTML5 pour pallier ses limitations. Ce constat d'échec partiel appelle sans doute des révisions afin de lui permettre à la fois de modéliser des ressources, car tel est la fonction qu'il hérite de RDF, mais aussi d'épouser la structure des documents dans lesquels il s'intègre, à la manière des microformats dont il étend les capacités. Les spécifications de RDFa ont obtenu en octobre dernier le statut de recommandation du W3C. Gageons cependant que des améliorations interviendront au cours des mois et années à venir.
D'autres discussions agrémentèrent la seconde journée. Deux d'entre elles furent lancées sous l'impulsion de Harry Halpin, philosophe et praticien de l'Internet bien connu de tous ceux qui s'intéressent à ces questions.
Déjà auteurs d'articles remarqués et remarquables, seul ou en collaboration avec des personnalités aussi prestigieuses que Patrick Hayes (In Defense of Ambiguity) ou Henry Thompson (Web Proper Names: Naming Referents on the Web), Halpin proposa une ontologie pour évaluer la pertinence des résultats des différents outils de recherches opérant à partir des "stores" de triplets RDF (linked data search engines ontology). Il s'agirait, selon cette proposition, d'évaluer les outils en présence en s'appuyant sur une analyse d'aspects aussi variés que le temps pris pour accomplir une requête, le nombre d'URIs disponibles mais aussi la manière d'accéder aux données : recherche de documents RDF (et des triplets qu'ils contiennent), "résolution" des URIs, possibilité de les parcourir ("crawler")... les options ne manquent pas. En somme, et comme le notait Gautier Poupeau voici deux ans déjà, il s'agit "de mettre au point une procédure normalisée de benchmark pour les triple store RDF"2.
L'autre ontologie présentée, réalisation en cours, fruit d'une collaboration avec Valentina Presutti (qui n'avait finalement pu se rendre à Ibiza), tente de modéliser la notion pour le moins abstraite, tout autant qu'ubiquitaire sur le Web, de "ressource". Donc d'URI. Partant du principe qu'il existe deux types d'URIs, les URI du Web sémantique en tant que sous-classe des URIs "normales", peut-on distinguer des ressources non-informationnelles par opposition à des ressources dites informationnelles ? Le débat, avant d'être, hélas, trop rapidement interrompu, commençait à prendre une orientation clairement philosophique avec, en guise de perspective, la question du caractère informationnelle de notre ontologie (au sens fort/philosophique du terme).
Ce ne sont donc pas deux approches ontologiques qui se le disputent, comme le pensait Halpin, mais bel et bien trois, à commencer par une ontologie des spécifications, reflétant une approche "ingénieriale", modélisation de leurs présupposés et implications avec, comme horizon, celui délimité par Tim Berners-Lee dans sa fameuse déclaration : "...we are not analyzing a world, we are building it. We are not experimental philosophers, we are philosophical engineers. We declare "this is the protocol". When people break the protocol, we lament, sue, and so on. But they tend to stick to it because we show that the system has very interesting and useful properties."3
Comme l'a bien résumé Harry Halpin, selon cette approche, qui prévaut à l'heure actuelle : “nous modélisons l'esprit de Tim”.
A l'autre extrémité du spectre ontologique s'élaborent des ontologies formelles type Dolce. Problème, aucun consensus ne se dégage sur les catégories formant le socle de notre univers (est-ce une raison pour abandonner la recherche ? En philosophie, certes non, mais le Web suit un tout autre rythme que la réflexion philosophique - même lorsqu'il s'empare de ses objets).
La troisième ontologie est celle à laquelle nous fîmes tantôt allusion. Si tant est, comme semblait le penser H.Halpin, que la distinction entre ressource informationnelle et non-informationnelle ne fasse pas sens, se devine à l'arrière-plan une conception très générale fondée sur une ontologie de l'information aussi compréhensive et englobante que n'importe quelle ontologie catégoriale, véritable Aufhebung de la frontière on/off-line qui régit encore nombre de nos conceptions. Ces débats-là, aussi, sont au cœur du Web. Et de notre avenir à tous.
On notera enfin que de nombreux outils servant à produire des vocabulaires furent testés. D'ailleurs, des information complémentaires sur ce point précis ainsi que tous ceux qui ont été développés ici sont disponibles sur le wiki du Vocamp : http://vocamp.org/wiki/Main_Page.
Rappelons pour finir qu'aucun événement de ce type n'a encore eu lieu en France. Un manque à combler, cela ne fait pas l'ombre d'un doute...
AMo.
1En un sens, le tagging sémantique existe depuis les débuts du tagging. Depuis les rel tags de Technorati (reposant sur des microformats très simples indiquant qu'un lien est un tag) ou xFolk, autre microformat adapté à l'environnement des folksonomies, les tentatives visant à enrichir l'encodage des tags de manière à y incorporer davantage d'informations se succédèrent. Le principe retenu dans Entity describer de Connotea ou MOAT d'Alexandre Passant consiste à associer le libellé d'un tag à une URI pour en préciser la signification. Sémantisation des tags ou sémiotisation de ceux-ci (une URIs renvoyant généralement un document du point de vue d'un être humain), cette question constituait l'essentiel de notre intervention au cours du Workshop "Future Of Web Search" qui suivait le VoCamp, auquel certains de ses intervenants prirent part et qui était, lui aussi, sponsorisé par Yahoo!. CF. http://grupoweb.upf.es/fows09/program.html
2 http://www.lespetitescases.net/node/988
3 http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/www-tag/2003Jul/0158.html
P.S. : en bonus track, la chanson des développeurs de SearchMonkey (Thanks Peter!)
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